Evolving primary and secondary endpoints in randomized controlled trials leading to approval of biologics and small molecules in IBD: an historical perspective.

Introduction: Therapeutic goals in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have evolved, over the last decades, from clinical response to complete remission (clinical and endoscopic remission).Areas covered: Development of biologics and small molecules has been associated with the development of new endpoints in IBD trials that could not have been achieved in the pre-biologics era. Herein, we focus on evolving endpoints for approved biologics and small molecules. We searched for relevant publications using Medline/PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library from their inception to 1 July 2019.Expert opinion: Endpoints differ between induction (clinical and endoscopic response) and maintenance trials (clinical and endoscopic remission) because the goal is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of a given drug during induction, whereas full disease control is the ultimate goal during the maintenance phase in order to change patients' life and disease course. Histological healing has recently emerged as a new co-primary endpoint in ulcerative colitis, and is now part of the definition of mucosal healing in these trials. Whether new endpoints such as transmural and radiologic healing could become an endpoint and replace endoscopy in Crohn's disease trials in the near future requires further investigation.

Fungi in archives, libraries, and museums: a review on paper conservation and human health.

The action of fungi on books, documents, maps, and works of art on paper can result in inestimable cultural losses. Plus, some of the fungi present in paper documents, surfaces and air from archives, libraries and museums are also a threat to human health. This work aims to review the literature on the most important and frequent microfungal populations found in paper-based collections all over the world, and correlate these data with human health risks. A total of 71 studies, dating between 1997 and 2018 were reviewed and organized. From 27 different countries, 207 fungal genera and 580 species were reported. Chaetomium sp. and Fusarium sp. were found to be special contaminants in the air of archives and have been associated with paper biodeterioration. The most common fungi reported (e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria species) have an impact on paper conservation but can also cause adverse human health effects. The most frequent fungal species retrieved from discoloured paper materials are discussed in greater detail. Considerations on methods of identification and quantification of fungal contamination are also presented. Finally, the authors acknowledge an urgent need for standardizing research in this area and further studies are proposed.

"Los libros y la noche", perspectiva neurológica de la ceguera de Jorge Luis Borges.

The works of Argentinian scholar Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) have captivated physicians. An assiduous reader, he was given, with magnificent irony, "books and the night". Borges suffered from chronic and irreversible blindness, which influenced much of his work and has been the subject of different literary and diagnostic analyses from the ophthalmological point of view. However, the characteristics of his visual impairment have escaped the neurological approach, which is why we reviewed his work looking for data suggesting a concomitant brain injury. On his autobiography, he recounts how, during an episode of septicemia, he suffered hallucinations and loss of speech; in addition, in some poems and essays he describes data that suggest "phantom chromatopsia", a lesion of cortical origin. After that accident, Borges survived with a radical change in literary style. Although a precise diagnosis is impossible, his literary work allows recognizing some elements in favor of concomitant brain involvement.

La obra del erudito argentino Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) ha cautivado a los médicos. Asiduo lector con magnífica ironía, le fueron dados "los libros y la noche". Borges padeció una ceguera crónica e irreversible que impulsó gran parte de su obra y ha sido objeto de distintos análisis literarios y diagnósticos desde el punto de vista oftalmológico. Sin embargo, las características de su ceguera han escapado al abordaje neurológico, por lo cual revisamos su obra en busca de datos que sugieran una lesión cerebral concomitante. En su autobiografía relata cómo durante un episodio de septicemia padeció alucinaciones y pérdida del habla; además, en algunos poemas y ensayos describe datos que sugieren "cromatopsia fantasma", lesión de origen cortical. Tras dicho accidente, Borges sobrevivió con un cambio radical en su estilo literario. Aunque un diagnóstico preciso es imposible, su obra literaria nos permite reconocer algunos elementos que sugieren involucramiento cerebral concomitante.

Osler Centenary Papers: Osler, inscribed.

BACKGROUND: As the centenary of Sir William Osler's death approaches on 29 December 2019, it is worth pausing to reflect on the relationship between the Osler Library of the History of Medicine at McGill University and the image of William Osler, for the two are arguably inextricable. When Osler died he had not yet completed his library, yet his donation to McGill included nearly 8000 volumes that represented the foundations of western medicine. The Osler Library now boasts over 100 000 titles and is recognised globally as a centre for the study of medical history. METHODS: The approach taken here was to examine inscriptions in the books that William Osler bequeathed to the McGill Medical Facultyin order to learn more about William Osler, the man. RESULTS: By examining inscriptions William Osler and others made in his books, it was possible to learn more about how Osler interacted with his friends, his patients, and also his books. CONCLUSION: It is argued that these inscriptions are as instructive as they are enriching. They reveal information about Osler's priorities and his personal and professional relationships; future scholars will likely find it useful to examine inscriptions more broadly, to gain insight into such topics as the book trade and world events.

Imagining the brain as a book: Oskar and Cécile Vogt's "library of brains".

In 1927, the German popular science magazine Die Koralle published an article entitled "The Library of Brains." The article was about the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin, established in 1914 as the continuation of the "Neurological Central Station" founded by Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) in 1898. The library metaphor plays on the huge collection of human and animal brains Oskar and his wife Cécile (1875-1862) had gathered over several decades. For examination, the brains were cut into paper-thin slices and embedded in paraffin: from one single organ, up to 30,000 slices could be extracted, which were to be "read" and studied like the pages of a book. In this chapter, we take the metaphor at face value, arguing that Vogt's institute actually functioned as a library. Numerous publications have emphasized the role of the Vogts and, in particular, of the brain collection for the constitution of modern neuroscience. The "library," however, has never been closely investigated. How was it designed? How was it filled? According to which criteria were the brains collected and ordered? How did the order and the collection itself reflect the Vogts' research program? Through a detailed investigation of the collection and the Vogt Archive, we will examine this "library" and reconstruct the order of the Vogt brains. The mutual relationship between collecting, sorting, examining and publishing about the brain will be discussed.

La Sección de temas locales de la Biblioteca Pública Municipal de Simat de la Valldigna: un testimonio de la historia pasada y presente / The Local Issues Section of the Municipal Public Library of Simat de la Valldigna: A testimony of past and present history

Resumen La biblioteca pública cumple una labor de formación permanente en el campo del saber y la cultura, uno de sus objetivos principales es satisfacer las necesidades de la comunidad en la cual se encuentra inmersa, por medio de la oferta de distintos servicios siendo uno de ellos la sección de temas locales, encargada de brindar a las personas toda aquella información relativa a la historia comunal en sus distintas manifestaciones. Por lo anterior, este trabajo expone la importancia del aporte y la proyección social que presta dicha sección contextualizado su trabajo en la población de Simat de la Valldigna en Valencia, España, se describen, además, por medio a través de ejemplos distintos materiales que conforman este acervo de información. Se concluye poniendo de manifiesto la responsabilidad que tiene la biblioteca pública en lo relativo a mantener viva la historia local de Simat como un aporte a la preservación de la memoria de sus antepasados.

Abstract The public library fulfills a permanent formative role in the field of knowledge and culture, one of its main objectives is to meet the needs of the community in which it is immersed. Through the provision of various services, one of them being the local issues section, which is responsible for providing citizens with all the information related to the history of the community in its different manifestations. This paper exposes the importance of the contribution and social projection provided by this section contextualizing its work in the population of Simat de la Valldigna in Valencia, Spain. There are also described, by means of examples, different materials that make up this information reservoir. It concludes by highlighting the responsibility of the public library in keeping alive the local history of Simat as a contribution to the preservation of the memory of their ancestors.

The beginnings of health libraries of the Czech Brothers Hospitallers in the 18th century.

During some 150 years in the 17th and 18th centuries the network of convents with hospitals and pharmacies run by the Brothers Hospitallers was established in the Czech Lands. At that time the members of the Order made use of quite a large amount of early modern European health literature. Although the need of those books was closely connected with the main mission of the Order, their position in convents was marginal at the beginning and depended on the personality of individual friars. For a long time, the Czech Brothers Hospitallers were forced to use second-hand literature (even from the 16th century) which was not replaced by new volumes until the moment when the convents overcame the "birth pangs" of the founding years (end of the 18th century). The study deals with the facts that are mentioned above on the basis of the hitherto ignored archive sources coming from Prague, Kuks, Nové Město nad Metují, Prostějov, and Vizovice. Key words: brothers hospitallers pharmaceutical literature medical literature 17th century 18th century history of libraries pharmaceutical history.

30 años de la Fundación Uriach: breve crónica histórica / No disponible

No disponible

[The library of Chinese Medical Association in the Republican Period].

The library of Chinese Medical Association was founded in 1925. The source of books and periodicals in the library are mainly from purchasing and donation. The library provides services such as lending, exchanging books, translating and publishing the contents and abstracts of medical journals in Chinese and other languages. It has played an active and important role in promoting medical development in the period of Republic of China.

An handwritten signature, previous owners and circulation of a copy of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo's book 'About the natural history of the indies' / Una firma autógrafa de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, antiguos poseedores y circulación de un ejemplar 'de la Natural Historia de las Indias'

This research note aims to disclose a copy of Oviedo’s About the natural history of the Indies, also known as Summary of the natural history, published in Toledo in 1526 and currently under the custody of Municipal Library of Porto, Portugal. Special features of this copy are presented: author’s handwritten signature and some ownership marks that allow us to identify previous owners, the connections between them and to track book circulation (AU)

Esta nota de investigación tiene como objetivo revelar una copia de Oviedo De la natural Historia de las Indias, también conocida como Sumario de historia natural, publicada en Toledo en 1526 y actualmente bajo la custodia de la Biblioteca Municipal de Oporto, Portugal. Se presentan las características especiales de este ejemplar: una firma manuscrita del autor y algunas marcas de propiedad que nos permiten identificar a los anteriores dueños, las conexiones entre ellos y rutas de circulación del libro (AU)

Las bibliotecas cubanas en el pensamiento y el accionar del Comandante Fidel Castro Ruz / Cuban libraries in the thought and action of the Commander Fidel Castro Ruz

Fundamento: Las bibliotecas constituyen formas auténticas de desarrollo y socialización de la cultura en la ideología y accionar de Fidel Castro Ruz, a pesar de ello no se ha profundizado en su importancia. Objetivo: Argumentar la dimensión del accionar del Comandante Fidel Castro en el papel que históricamente han jugado las bibliotecas en el desarrollo de la cultura cubana. Desarrollo: Del nivel teórico se emplearon los métodos histórico-lógicos, los análisis-síntesis, apoyados en la observación y el análisis de documentos. Conclusiones: Las ideas y las acciones del Comandante Fidel Castro Ruz impulsaron formas auténticas de desarrollo y de socialización de la cultura, la emancipación social y una concepción participativa de la promoción del libro y la lectura a través del fomento y la diversificación de las bibliotecas.

Background: Libraries are authentic forms of development and socialization of culture in the ideology and action of Fidel Castro Ruz, despite the fact that their importance has not been deepened Objective: To argue the dimension of the actions of Commander Fidel Castro in the role historically played by libraries in the development of Cuban culture Development: From the theoretical level we used historical-logical methods, analysis-synthesis, supported by observation and analysis of documents Conclusions: The ideas and actions of Commander Fidel Castro Ruz promoted authentic forms of development and socialization of culture, social emancipation and a participatory conception of book promotion and reading through the promotion and diversification of libraries.

Proceso histórico-pedagógico de las bibliotecas escolares en Cuba en el período 1960-2010 / Historical-pedagogical process of the school libraries during 1960-2010

En este artículo se establecen las bases teóricas de los presupuestos epistemológicos de los aspectos más significativos que permiten precisar los referentes en el proceso histórico-pedagógico de las bibliotecas escolares en Cuba y la cultura histórico-pedagógica de sus bibliotecarios desde 1960 hasta 2013. Asimismo se ofrece una valoración del estado actual de los saberes que sobre dicho tema poseen los profesionales dedicados a la actividad bibliotecaria en Santiago de Cuba(AU)

The theoretical bases that back up the epistemological budgets of the most significant aspects that allow to specify the referent on the historical-pedagogical process of the school libraries and the historical-pedagogical culture of their librarians from 1960 to 2013 are established in this work. Also a valuation of the current state of the knowledge that the professionals dedicated to the librarian activity in Santiago de Cuba possess about this topic is offered(AU)

Visiting Old Libraries: Scientific Books in the Religious Institutions of Early Modem Portugal.

Knowledge of libraries and book collecting is a preliminary task for the characterisation of scientific culture and practice. In the case of Iberia, and especially Portugal, this is still a desideratum. This paper provides a first global look at this issue. In early modem Portugal religious institutions organised impressive collections of books, by far the largest in the country These libraries not only served the religious institutions themselves, but also supplied books to lesser libraries, such as the University Library of Coimbra and the Royal Library. The Portuguese book market mirrored the purchase and selection of books made by religious congregations. This was also true for the circulation of scientific books, which depended above all on the interests, choices and cultural relations of these most peculiar book collectors.

[Pharmaceutical History of the Capuchin Monastery in Prague-Hradcany Part I. Monastic Pharmacy]. / Farmaceutická historie kapucínského klástera v Praze na Hradcanech Cást I. Klásterní lékárna.

Based on a profound examination and thorough evaluation of archival materials and preserved equipment, the article provides a unique perspective on the unknown history of pharmacy at the capuchin monastery in Prague-Hradcany. The intramural pharmacy was established around the year 1680, and was practised to 1822. The article identifies the capuchin pharmacists and their line of succession. Pharmaceutical literature from the monastic library is listed and described, including rare manuscripts. The preserved high baroque equipment of the pharmacy is described in detail, and an iconography analysis of the hidden meaning of its unique decoration is offered.Key words: pharmaceutical history capuchins monastic pharmacies baroque.

From Shell Shock to Shellac: The Great War, Blindness, and Britain's Talking Book Library.

Britain's Talking Book Service began as a way of providing reading material to soldiers blinded during the First World War. This account traces the talking book's development from the initial experiments after the War to its debut and reception among blind soldiers and civilians in the 1930s. It has been put together using archives held by the Royal National Institute of Blind People (before its Royal Charter, the NIB) and Blind Veterans UK (formerly St. Dunstan's), the two organizations responsible for Britain's Talking Book Service. The essay's first section reconstructs the search for an alternative way of reading that would benefit people with vision impairments. The next part demonstrates the talking book's impact on the lives of people with disabilities, recovering the voices of blind readers left out of most histories of books, literacy, and reading practices in the twentieth century. The final section reconstructs a debate over the value of recorded books, showing that disputes over their legitimacy are as old as recorded books themselves. In sum, this essay confronts the central issue raised by the convergence of books, media, and disability in the War's aftermath: can a book talk?